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Axles

Sr. No. Application Area Fastener Types Primary Functions Materials Commonly Used Key Performance & Regulatory Factors
1 Foundations & Concrete Structures Anchor Bolts, Rebar Couplers, Expansion Anchors
  • Secure columns, beams, and footings
  • Transfer load from superstructure to foundation
 Carbon steel, galvanized steel
  • Must meet building codes (e.g., IBC, Eurocodes)
  • Designed for tensile and shear loads
  • Regularly tested for pull-out strength
2 Steel Framing & Structural Supports High-Strength Bolts (Grade 8.8, 10.9, etc.), Structural Screws
  • Connect steel beams, girders, trusses
  • Provide stability under tension, compression, and dynamic loads
 High-tensile steel, zinc-coated or hot-dip galvanized
  • Fatigue resistance for seismic/wind loads
  • Must comply with ASTM A325, A490, or equivalent
  • Inspected for proper torque to prevent loosening
3 Roofing & Cladding Self-Drilling Screws, Roofing Bolts, Rivets
  • Attach roofing sheets and panels
  • Provide weather-tight seals against water and wind
 Galvanized steel, stainless steel, sometimes with neoprene washers
  • Must withstand UV exposure, temperature changes
  • Compliance with local wind load requirements (e.g., hurricane resistance)
  • Sealed fasteners to prevent leaks
4 Precast Concrete & Tilt-Up Panels Lifting Inserts, Anchor Bolts, Embedded Plates
  • Facilitate crane hoisting during installation
  • Align and secure precast panels
 High-strength steel, often hot-dip galvanized
  • Load-rated for heavy lifting
  • Must comply with ACI standards
  • Periodic inspections for corrosion and integrity
5 Bridges & Elevated Highways Tension Bolts, Shear Studs, Heavy-Duty Nuts & Washers
  • Join bridge girders, decks, and expansion joints
  • Resist dynamic traffic and environmental loads
 Weathering steel, high-tensile steel, protective coatings
  • Must handle vibration and fatigue from traffic
  • Subject to AASHTO or relevant bridge design codes
  • Periodic NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) for safety
6 Tunnels & Underground Works Rock Bolts, Anchor Systems, Resin Bolts
  • Stabilize tunnel walls and ceilings
  • Counteract ground movement and rock pressure
 Corrosion-resistant steel, epoxy-coated bars
  • Often require fire protection coatings
  • Must withstand groundwater infiltration
  • Geotechnical testing to ensure load-bearing capacity
7 Facade & Glazing Systems Structural Glazing Bolts, Spider Fittings, Curtain Wall Anchors
  • Secure glass panels and facade elements
  • Provide aesthetic, high-load bearing connections
 Stainless steel (A2, A4 grades), aluminum brackets
  • Corrosion-resistant for long-term exposure
  • Subject to wind load calculations
  • Must meet safety glass and insulation standards
8 HVAC & Mechanical Installations Threaded Rods, Pipe Clamps, Hanger Bolts
  • Support ductwork, piping, and mechanical equipment
  • Allow height adjustment and secure mounting
 Zinc-plated steel, stainless steel
  • Compliance with mechanical codes (e.g., IMC)
  • Must handle vibration from equipment
  • Insulation requirements for hot/cold lines
9 Electrical & Plumbing Conduit Anchors, Cable Ties, Anchor Fasteners
  • Secure conduits, junction boxes, and plumbing fixtures
  • Manage wiring and piping layouts efficiently
 Zinc-plated steel, nylon ties, plastic anchors
  • Must meet NEC (National Electrical Code) or local equivalents
  • Fire-resistant or UL-listed components where required
  • Proper spacing to avoid pinch or strain
10 Road Barriers & Signage Anchor Bolts, U-Bolts, Expansion Fasteners
  • Mount guardrails, crash barriers, and signage
  • Endure continuous impact, weather, and traffic vibrations
 Galvanized steel, weathering steel
  • Must conform to road safety standards (e.g., MASH, EN 1317)
  • Designed to handle impact load
  • Inspections and torque checks to ensure ongoing stability

Key Highlights for Construction & Infrastructure Fasteners

This table showcases how fasteners are integral to every phase of construction and infrastructure, ensuring stability, longevity, and compliance with stringent building standards.

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